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Rob Sheridan

Central African Republic
History
Main article: History of the Central African Republic
Pre-history
Between about 1000 BC and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern-speaking peoples spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan and settled in most areas car. During the same period, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants settled in the southwestern car and some medium-Sudanic-speaking populations settled along the Oubangi.
Most of the inhabitants of the car on the way to speak Adamawa-Eastern languages ​​or Bantu languages ​​belonging to the Niger-Congo family. A minority speak Central Sudanic languages ​​Nilo-Saharan family. Recent immigrants, many Muslim traders who usually speak Arabic and Hausa.
Exposure to the outside world
By the early 1800s, the peoples of the vehicle lived outside the boundaries of a wider Islamic Sudanic zone of Africa and thus has relatively little contact with Abrahamic religions and northern economies. In the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, Muslim traders began increasingly to penetrate the area of ​​the car and nurture special relationships with local leaders to facilitate their trade and settlements in the region.
Initial arrival of Muslim traders in the early 1800s was relatively quiet and is dependent on the support of local people, but after about 1850, slave traders with well-armed soldiers began to penetrate the region. Between c. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al-Kuti in Northern Nzakara car and the Zande country in southeastern CAR exported most of the inhabitants of eastern CAR, an area with very few inhabitants today.
French colonialism
Main article: kgm-share
Oubangui-Chari in 1910
penetration of the Central European area began in the late nineteenth century during the so-called Scramble for Africa (approximately 18,751,900). Count de Brazza Savorgnan took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the city named after him, Brazzaville, and sent expeditions to the oblast the river in an effort to expand France’s claims to territory in Central Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom also competed to establish their claims to territory in the Central African region.
In 1889 the French established a post at kgm words in Bangui, the capital city since kgm-Shari and the car. De Brazza then sent to the schools 189 091 to the Sangha River in what is now Southwestern CAR, the oblast center of the pool according to Lake Chad, and eastward along the oblast to Rijeka. De Brazza and procolonial in France wanted to expand the boundaries of the French Congo to connect with the French territories in West Africa, North Africa and East Africa.
In 1894, the French border with the Congo Free State Leopold II of Kongo and German Cameroon were established diplomatic agreements . Then, in 1899, the French Congo border with Sudan is fixed to the Congo-Nile watershed, leaving France without her much coveted access to the Nile and turning southeast kgm-Shari in a blind alley.
Once European negotiators agreed limits of the French Congo, France is to decide how to pay for costly occupation, administration and development of the territory. The reported financial successes of Leopold II concession companies in the Congo Free State convinced the French government in 1899 to provide 17 private companies large concessions in kgm-Shari region. In exchange for rights to exploit this country by buying local products and selling European goods, the company promised to pay rent to the colonial state and to promote the development of their concessions. Companies employed European and African agents who frequently uses the extremely brutal and cruel way to force Central Africa to work for them. Meanwhile, the French colonial administration began to force Central Africans to pay taxes and provide the state with free labor. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to force Central Africans to work for their benefit, but they are also often found themselves at odds.
Some French officials reported abuses committed by private company militias, and even their own colleagues and colonial soldiers , but efforts to make these criminals to justice almost always failed. When news of the atrocities committed against Central Africa, the concessionaire company employees and colonial officials or troops reached France and caused an outcry, it was investigated, and some weak attempts at reform, but the situation on the ground in kgm-Shari remained essentially the same.
Stamp of 1924
In the meantime, during the first decades of French colonial rule (about 19,001,910), the rulers of African states in kgm-Shari region increased their slave raiding activities and the sale of domestic products in European companies and the colonial state. They took advantage of their contracts with the French to obtain more weapons that are used to capture more slaves and much of eastern half of the oblast-Shari were displaced as a result of exports of the Central African local rulers in the first decade of colonial rule. Those who had power, Africans and Europeans, often life miserable for those who did not have the strength to resist.
During the second decade of colonial rule (about 19,101,920), armed employees of private firms and the colonial state and continue to use brutal methods to work with local populations who resisted forced labor but the power of local African rulers was destroyed and so slave raiding was greatly diminished. In 1911, the Sangha and Lobaye pools are committed to Germany as part of the agreement which gave France a free hand in Morocco and so Western kgm-Shari came under German rule until World War I, during which France reconquered this territory by the central African soldiers.
third decade of colonial rule (19201930) was a period of transition in which the network of roads built, cash crops were promoted, mobile health services have been formed to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions established stations in different parts of the country. New forms of forced labor were also introduced, however, as the French conscripted large number Ubangians work on the Congo-Ocean Railway, and many of these recruits have died from exhaustion and disease.
In 1925 French writer Andre Gide published Voyage au Congo in which the described the alarming consequences of military service for the Congo-Ocean Railway, and exposed to the continuation of atrocities committed against Central Africans in Western kgm-Shari employee of the Forestry Company of Sangha-oblast, for example. In 1928, a rebellion is Kongo-Wara ‘war hoe handle’ broke out in western kgm-Shari and continued for several years. The scope of this rebellion, perhaps the largest anticolonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, has been carefully hidden from the French public because it provides evidence, once again, the strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.
During the fourth decade of colonial rule (ca. 19,301,940), cotton, tea, and coffee emerged as an important cash crop in kgm-Shari and the extraction of diamonds and gold began in earnest. Several cotton companies were granted monopoly over the purchase of large areas of cotton production and were thus able to fix the prices paid to cultivators to ensure profits for their shareholders. Europeans established coffee plantations and central Africa and began to cultivate coffee.
Fifth decade of colonial rule (about 19,401,950) has formed the Second World War and political reforms that followed in its wake. In September 1940 pro-Gaullist French officers took control of the oblast-share.

Independence on 1 December 1958 colony kgm-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name Central African Republic. Founder and President of the Conseil de Gouvernement, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane accident in 1959, just eight days before the last elections of the colonial era. On 13 August 1960, the Central African Republic became independent and two Boganda closest aides, Abel Goumba and David Dacko, became involved in the struggle for power. With the support of the French, Dacko took power and was soon arrested Goumba. By 1962 President Dacko was established in a State Party.
To 31 December 1965 Dacko was overthrown in Saint-Sylvestre coup d’glad Colonel Jean-Bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself president for life in 1972, called Central Emperor Bokassa I of the Empire 4th December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa is crowned in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by many people. In 1979 France carried out a coup against Bokassa and “return” Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was overthrown in a coup by General Andr Kolingba first September 1981.
Kolingba suspended the constitution and government military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 that brought a national referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Dmocratique Centrafricain (RDC) was voluntary. In 1987, semi-competitive elections for parliament were held, and local elections were held in 1988. Kolingba two main political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patass, boycotted the elections because their parties were not allowed to compete.
By 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, the pro-democracy movement became very active. In May 1990 a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens asked for the convening of national conferences, but Kolingba refused this request and detained several opponents. Pressure from the United States, more reluctantly from France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN) finally led Kolingba agreed in principle to hold free elections In October 1992, with the help of the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the election results as an excuse for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure GIBAFOR establish a “Conseil National de la politique provisoire République” (Provisional National Political Council) (CNPPR) and set up a “mixed electoral commission,” which included representatives of all political parties.
When elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community, Ange-Flix Patass came in first in the first round and Kolingba came in fourth after Abel Goumba and David Dacko. In the second round, Patass won 53 percent of the vote, while Goumba won 45.6 percent. Most Patass support came from the Gbaya, Kare and Kaba voters in seven densely populated prefecture in the northwest, while Goumba support came mainly from ten less populated prefecture in the south and east. Furthermore, Patass party, Mouvement pour la Libration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People gained a simple, but not the absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patass need coalition partners.
Patass relieved former President Kolingba of his military rank of General in March 1994, and then charged several former ministers with various crimes. Patass Yakoma also remove many of the important, lucrative positions in government. Two hundred mostly Yakoma presidential guard members were dismissed or reassigned to the army. Kolingba’s RDC loudly declared that Patass government is running a “witch hunt” against Yakoma.
New constitution, approved on 28 December 1994 and declared the 14th January 1995, but this constitution, like those before it, did not have much impact on the practice of politics. In 19961997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in his strange behavior, three mutinies against the government Patass was accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightening ethnic tensions. On 25 January 1997, Bangui Peace Accords were signed, which envisaged the deployment of inter-African military mission, mission Interafricaine de Surveillance des Accords de Bangui (MISAB). Former President of Mali, Amadou Tour, served as the chief mediator and the mediation of ex-mutineers to enter the government announced on 7 April 1997. MISAB The mission was later replaced by UN forces peacekeeping Mission des Nations Unies en RCA (MINURCA).
In 1998 parliamentary elections resulted Kolingba ‘RDC winning 20 of 109 seats, making a return, but in 1999, despite the widespread public anger in urban centers with corrupt rule Patass won a free election to become president a second term. On 28 May 2001, rebels raided the strategic buildings in Bangui in a failed coup attempt. Army Chief of Staff, Abel Abro, and General Francois N’Djadder Bedaya were shot, but Patass upper hand again, bringing in at least 300 soldiers and rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba of the river in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Libyan soldiers.
After this failed coup, militias loyal to Patass revenge against the rebels in many neighborhoods of capital, Bangui, which resulted in the destruction of many homes, as well as torture and murder of many opponents. Finally Patass came to suspect that General Franois Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him and so Bozizé fled with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack Patass, who was outside the country. Libyan troops and about 1,000 soldiers Bemba’s Congo rebel organization did not stop the rebels who took control of the country and thus succeeded in demolishing Patass.
Franois Bozizé suspended the constitution and the name of the new cabinet which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba, “Mr. Clean”, has been appointed vice president, who gave Bozizé new government a positive image. Bozizé established a broad National Transition Council to draft a new constitution and announced he would step down and run when a new constitution is approved. The National Dialogue was held from 15 September to 27th October 2003, Bozizé won a fair election that excluded Patass be elected president to another election, in May 2005.
humanitarian situation, peacebuilding and development
Central African Republic is heavily dependent on foreign aid and multilateral the presence of numerous non-governmental organizations that provide services that government provides. As one UNDP official put it, the car is a country “sous serum,” or metaphorically, the country hooked up to IV. (Mehler 2005:150). The mere presence of numerous foreign personnel and organizations in the country, including peacekeepers and even refugee camps, provides an important source of revenue for many Central Africans.
The country is self-sufficient in food crops, but much of the population live on subsistence level. Livestock development is hindered by the presence of tsetse flies.
In 2006, due to ongoing violence, more than 50,000 in the country’s north-west are in danger of starvation, and it is only avoided thanks to the United Nations support. [Citation needed]
Peacebuilding Commission of Central African Republic on the agenda of the 12th June 2008 Central African Republic became the fourth country to be placed on the agenda of the Commission of the UN Peace Building, which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid the slide it back into war or chaos. 31-member body agreed that the situation after a request from the government.
Peacebuilding Fund UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on 8 January 2008 to Central Africa has a right to assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas were identified: 1) SSR 2) promoting good governance and the rule of law, and 3) Revitalization of communities affected by conflict.

Politics Main article: Politics of the Central African Republic
Franois Bozizé President state. The new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. Full multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections were held in March 2005 with a runoff in May. Bozizé was declared the winner after round of voting.
In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the car. Thousands of refugees fled their homes, caught in the crossfire of battles between government forces and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained in the CAR government forces, he systematically killing men and boys suspected of collaborating with rebels.
Prefecture and sub-prefectures
Prefecture Central African Republic
Main articles: prefecture in the Central African Republic and Sub- districts in the Central African Republic
Central African Republic is divided into 14 administrative districts (prfectures), along with 2 economic prefectures (prfectures economiques) and one autonomous commune. The prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-districts (sous-prfectures).
Prefecture include:
Bamingui-Bangoran
Basse-Kotto
Haute-Kotto Haut-
Mbomou KMO

Lobaye Mamre-When
Mbomou
Nana-Mamre
Ombella-M’Poko
Ouaka
Ouham
Ouham-dependent
Vakaga
two economic prefectures are Nana-Grbizi and Sangha-mbar, the commune is Bangui.

Geography Main article: Geography of the Central African Republic
Satellite image of Central African Republic, generated from raster graphics data supplied by the Map Library
Map of the Central African Republic
kgm River on the outskirts of Bangui.
Central African Republic is a land-locked country in the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by the countries Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo.
Much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna, typically about 1640 feet (500 m) above sea level, where most of the northern half of the World Wildlife Fund East Sudanian savanna ecoregion. In the northeast are Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in southwest part of the country. In the northwest is the Yade Massif, granite plateau at an altitude of 3750 feet (1,143 m).
At 240,519 square miles (622,941 km2), the Central African Republic is the world’s 42nd largest country. It is comparable in size in the Ukraine, and is slightly smaller than the U.S. state of Texas.
Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River, with Mbomou River in the east merging with the river but wanting in the shape of the river kgm. In the west, the Sangha River flows through part of the country. The eastern border lies along the edge of the river Nile.
Estimates of the amount of land covered by forest ranges up to 8%, with the densest parts of the south. The forest is very diverse, and include commercially important species Ayous, Sapelli and SIPO. The deforestation rate is 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.
Air CAR generally tropical. Northern areas are subject Harmattan winds, which are hot and dry, and wear a dust. The northern regions are subject to desertification, and the northeast is desert. The rest of the country is prone to flooding from nearby rivers.
In November 2008 issue of National Geographic, Central African Republic was declared the country least affected by light pollution.

Economy Main article: Economy of the Central African Republic
boy playing with a kerosene lamp burned in the town of Bira, Central African Republic. The city was almost completely destroyed in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and government forces.
Economy cars dominate cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, corn, sorghum, millet, sesame seeds, plantain and Sara [disambiguation needed ]. Annual real GDP growth rate above 3%. Importance foodcrops more cash crop exports shows that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tons annually, while production of cotton, the main export crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tons per year. Foodcrops not exported in large quantities, but they still represent a major cash crop in the country because Central Africans derive far more income from the sale of periodic excess foodcrops than from exports of cash crops such as cotton or coffee.
Largest car import partner is South Korea (20.2%), followed by France (13.6%) and Cameroon (7.7%), while the largest export partner is Japan (40.4%), followed by Belgium (9.8%) and China (8.2%).
Many rural and urban women into foodcrops alcoholic beverages such as sorghum beer or hard liquor and derive considerable income from the sale of these drinks. Much of the revenue comes from selling food and alcohol is not “on the books” and thus is not considered in the calculation of income per capita, which is one reason why official figures for per capita income are not accurate in the case of a vehicle.
income per capita in the car often cited as about 0 years, said that one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the more important but unregistered sale of food, locally produced alcohol, diamonds , ivory, bushmeat and traditional medicine, for example. Informal economy car is more important than the formal economy for most Central Africans.
Diamonds represent the most important exports of cars, accounting for 4055% of export earnings, but an estimated 3050% of the diamonds produced each year leave the country clandestinely. Export Trade interferes with poor economic development, a place in this country is far from the coast.
Desert regions of this country have potential as an ecotourist destination. The country is famous for its population of forest elephants. In the southwest, Dzango-Sangha National Park is an area of ​​tropical forests. In the north, Manov-Gounda St. Floris National Park is well populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, rhinos I. On the northeast Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. However, populations of wildlife in these parks is difficult to decrease over the past 20 years due to poaching, particularly from neighboring Sudan.
The car is a member of the Organization for the harmonization of business law in Africa (Ohad).
Car was ranked 180 out of 181 on ‘ease of doing business “in the 2009 Doing Business Report World Bank. The’ ease of doing business” ranking uses a composite index of the regulations that enhance business and those that constrain it.
Population
Main article: Demographics of the Central African Republic
village in the Central African Republic
population nearly quadrupled since independence. In 1960 the population was 1.232 million. Now the population is 4.422 million. (2009 UN est.) Note: Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS, and this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex would not normally be expected.
The United Nations estimates that about 11% of the population aged 15 49 is HIV positive. Only 3% of the country’s antiretroviral therapy is available, compared with 17% coverage in the neighboring countries of Chad and Congo.
Nation is divided into more than 80 ethnic groups, each of which has its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baya 33%, 27% Banda, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, 7% Mboum, M’Baka 4%, a Yakoma 4%, 2% others, including Europeans mostly of French origin.
Health
Main article: Health in the Central African Republic
Male life expectancy at birth is 48.2, a male life expectancy at birth was 45.1 in 2007. The fertility rate is around five births per woman. Government expenditure on health was U.S. $ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There are 8 doctors per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004. Government expenditure on health was 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.

Religion Main article: Religion in the Central African Republic
Religion in the Central African Republic
religion
percent
Christian

50%
Indigenous

35%
Islam

15% Christians form 50 percent of the population, while 35 percent of the population maintenance of indigenous beliefs and Islam practiced by about 15 percent of the country’s population.
There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren and Jehovah’s Witnesses. While these missionaries are mostly from the United States, France, Italy and Spain, many from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo and other African countries. Many missionaries have left the country because of fighting between rebels and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many have now returned to the country and continued their activities.

Music Culture
Main article: Music Central African Republic

Education Main article: Education in the Central African Republic
public education in the Central African Republic is free and education is compulsory between the ages of 6 to 14 About half the adult population in the country is illiterate. The country is at the University of Bangui.

See also List of writers from the Central African Republic
See also
Africa portal
Main article: Draft Central African Republic
List Central Republic related topics
traffic in the Central African Republic
References
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (. PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 12/03/2009.
ABCD ^ “Central African Republic.” The International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds = . and no = 1 & c = 626 & s = NGDPD, NGDPDPC, PPPGDP, PPPPC, LP & GRP = 0 & = & pr.x = 53 & = pr.y nine. Retrieved 10/01/2009.
^ Which side of the road do not drive on? Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 1/28/2009
^ List of countries Human Development Index
^ HS Foreign 24.04.2001 to the Central African Republic beat Finland in environmental jobs?
^ “Thousands could die of hunger, says spokesman for the United Nations by Maurizio Giuliano “. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58581.
^ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/pbc39.doc.htm
^ ^ http://www.unpbf.org/CAR.shtml
Reuters AlertNET Central African Republic: Survey results will be published on 22 May, official says
^ BBC NEWS World | Africa | Country profiles | Timeline: Central African Republic
^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee new car ‘rebels’
^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee from Car Violence
^ sale down the river (English) March 2001, Forest Monitor
^ Congo Basin forests: Forests 2006th CARPE 13-Jul-07
^ & https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas ch #
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch&regionCode=eas ^ # & ch
^ OHADA.com: Portal Business Law in Africa, http://www.ohada.com/index.php, downloaded 03/22/2009
^ http://www.doingbusiness.org/Documents/ CountryProfiles / CAF.pdf

Earth ^ ^ ^ http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN3_en.pdf
ABCD http://hdrstats.undp.org / en / countries / data_sheets / cty_ds_CAF.html

http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/car.pdf ^ ^ World Factbook
^ U.S. State Department
^ “Central African Republic.” It is on the worst forms of child labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). ^ Http: / / www.unicef.org / infobycountry / car_statistics.html
Further reading
Kalck, Pierre, Historical Dictionary Central African Republic, 2004
Petring, Maria, Brazza, A Life for Africa ( 2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002

External links to learn more about the Central African Republic on Wikipedia’s sister projects:


quotes from Wikiquote Source texts

from Wikisource Images and media from Commons
news from Wikinews
Sources for Learning from the Government Wikisource

Central African Republic Online
head of state and cabinet members
Views
Country Profile from BBC News
Central African Republic admission to the World Factbook
Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Central African Republic in the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas Central African Republic News

humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN
Central African Republic Central African Republic News headline links to AllAfrica.com
(French) RCA Info
Cultural
Baka Pygmies Culture and music first inhabitants of the Central African Republic, with photos and ethnographic notes

Tourism Central African Republic travel guide from Wikitravel
Other